Definition of Carbohydrates and Their Classification
Definition of Carbohydrates - Classification, Function, Source, Testing, Qualitative, Quantitative, Example: Carbohydrate is a compound consisting of molecules of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) or carbon and hydrate (H2O) so that they are called carbohydrate.
Definition of Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate or often called charcoal hydrate is a calorie-producing substance with a calorie number 4. Carbohydrate is a food substance that contains an element C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), and O (Oxygen).
Carbohydrates are broken down into a very simple sugar molecule such as glucose, fructose, and galactose in a digestive system. This sugar molecule is absorbed by the body.
Excess carbohydrates will be stored in a liver or muscle to form a glycogen and in the stomach area, around the kidneys, or under the skin in the form of fat. Foods that are a source of carbohydrate energy include rice, wheat, corn, cassava, sago, potatoes, bread, and sweet potatoes.
Carbohydrate Classification
Carbohydrates can be classified into two (2) types, namely simple carbohydrates with complex carbohydrates or can also be three (3) types, i.e.
1. Monosaccharides or Monosacrose
Monosaccharides are derived from Greek namely mono = one and sacchron = sugar. Monosaccharides can also be called simple sugars. Monosaccharides are compounds that have an aldehyde group or free ketones. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed.
The general formula is Cn (H2O) n or CnH2nOn. Monosaccharides are divided into thirosa, tertrosa, pentose, hexose, heptose etc., and also as aldose or ketose depending on whether they contain aldehydes or ketone groups.
Example: monosaccharides are Fructose, Erithrulosa, ribulose.
2. Oligosaccharides or Oligosakarosa
The word Oligosaccharide is derived from the Greek word Oligo, which means little. Oligosaccharides are sugar compounds that produce 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharides in a hydrolysis.
Oligosaccharides produce 2 monosaccharide molecules in hydrolysis known as disaccharides, and which produce 3 or 4 monosaccharides each known as trisaccharides and tetracaccharides and so on. The general formula of disaccharide is Cn (H2O) n-1 and trisaccharide is Cn (H2O) n-2 and so on.
Example: disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, maltose etc.
3. Polysaccharides or Polysacchoses
The word Polysaccharide is derived from the Greek, which is poly which means a lot.
A polysaccharide is a complex sugar and produces more than 10 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis and is divided depending on a type of molecule produced as a result of hydrolysis. monosaccharides of the same type or heteropolysaccharides ie, a monosaccharide of various types. General formula (C6H10O5) x.
Example: homopolysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, pectin.
Carbohydrate Function
There are many functions of carbohydrates in their application in the food industry, pharmaceuticals and in everyday human life. Among the functions and uses are:
1. For the body's main energy source
Carbohydrates are for the body's main energy source and have the main function which has a role as the body's energy supply, every gram of carbohydrate contains 4 calories.
2. Energy reserves in muscles and liver
Its function is for the presence of carbohydrates in the human body, some of which is present in the blood as glucose for a body's energy, carbohydrates found in the liver and muscle tissue which are converted into glycogen, and some of the kabohydrate is converted to fat and stored in a muscle tissue that functions as a reserve body energy.
3. To facilitate digestion
Carbohydrates also function to facilitate intestinal peristalsis and to facilitate the removal of feces, and carbohydrates that cannot be digested like fiber can make you feel full.
4. As a natural sweetener
Carbohydrates function as givers of natural sweetness in foods, especially Disaccharides and types of carbohydrate Monosaccharides.
Carbohydrate Source
Many carbohydrate sources we meet include:
In grains, namely: Rice, corn, wheat and others.
In Fruits: Bananas and all kinds of fruit that tastes sweet.
In the Roots / tubers, namely among others: Sweet Potatoes, Cassava, Taro, Potatoes and so forth
On leaves: Green vegetables.
Carbohydrates have a very important function for the body to protect the body from disease.
Carbohydrate Testing
Here Is A Carbohydrate Test Through Qualitative and Quantitative Tests.
Qualitative Test
This test can be done in two (2) kinds of ways, namely; the first uses the color formation reaction and the second uses the principle of chromatography (TLC / Thin Layer Chromatography, GC / Gas Cromatography, HPLC / High Performance Liquid Cromatography).
Due to the efficiency of testing, in general for qualitative testing only the first principle is used namely the formation of color as a basis for determining the carbohydrate content in an ingredient. There are at least seven (7) kinds of color formation reactions, namely:
Molisch reaction
KH (pentose) + concentrated H2SO4 à furfural à + a naphthol à purple
KH (hexose) + concentrated H2SO4 à HM-furfural à + a naphthol à purple
Both of the above reactions are generally accepted, both for aldose (-CHO) and carbohydrate group ketosa (C = O).
Benedict's reaction
KH + camp CuSO4, Na-Citrate, Na2CO3 à Cu2O red brick deposits
Barfoed reaction
KH + camp CuSO4 and CH3COOH à Cu2O brick red precipitate
Fehling reaction
KH + camp CuSO4, K-Na-tatrat, NaOH à Cu2O red brick deposition
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Maltose Definition and Nature
Maltose Definition and Nature
Maltose is a type of simple disaccharide sugar that is produced from the process of breaking down amulymes or starches by amylase enzymes. Maltose is also called sugar, disaccharide which contains two simple glucose molecules of sugar. Maltose is produced by the starch hydrolysis by the amylase enzyme, for example seeds germinate "like barley" and by breaking down starch and glycogen during the digestion process.
Maltose Definition and Nature
Maltose is used in brewing, soft drinks and food. The melting point is 102 degrees up to 103 degrees celsius. Maltose has the ability to reduce Fehling's solution, due to its free aldehyde. The oxidized aldehyde group gives positive results, which means that maltose is a reducing sugar, it has a sweet taste.
Maltosa Definition
Maltose is a biomelecule that has a carbohydrate group in it which is divided into three groups which are divided into important elements; carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates are arranged by O, H, C and are defined as aldehydes of polyhydroxy ketones or polyhydroxy.
It is generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides depending on the amount of residue. Maltose is a disacride formed by the union of two glucose units "monosaccharides" both of which are classified as hexose because each consists of six carbons.
Properties of Maltose
To be able to find out more about maltose, here are some of the properties it has:
Soluble in water.
Included in the types of reducing sugars.
The sweetness is not too strong.
Maltose is one of the types of disaccharides, there are other types of disaccharides that we can know namely latosa and sucrose. The three types of disaccharides have manisa properties but the characteristics of the three are different. Maltose can be converted into sugar alcohol. For the function of sugar alcohol which is also often called maltilol is usually used as an artificial sweetener in certain food products such as syrup or candy.
Maltilol that we consume from food can be absorbed by the body but slowly and only about 50% to 60% will be absorbed while the rest will be excreted. Sucrose is also the same as maltose often used as a food sweetener. It has a sweeter taste that is stronger and very safe for consumption.
And while for lactose which has another name for milk sugar, it can be found in milk and wahey. To be digested our body needs the enzyme lactase. But the problem is that some people have lactose intolerance where the lactase enzymes in their body are few and not enough to be able to digest lactose. Often we see babies or some people who are allergic to cow's milk because of its lactose content. If forced to be consumed can eat several symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and others.
Maltose can easily be found in certain types of foods that are familiar. They are jam, extreme, chocolate, candy, bread and gum. Disaccharides including maltose can indeed help meet the needs of glucose in the body. But as mentioned above that maltose can only be absorbed by the body that is 50% to 60%, so the intake must certainly be limited.
Besides being found in processed food products, which actually is a natural food source that we digest can produce maltose in the body during the digestive process such as fruits, cereal, corn, potatoes, seeds and some types of vegetables. So in fact the need for maltose can be obtained from healthier and more natural food sources.
Thus the discussion of the Definition of Maltose and Its Properties, hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of all of you, thank you very much for your visit.
Maltose is a type of simple disaccharide sugar that is produced from the process of breaking down amulymes or starches by amylase enzymes. Maltose is also called sugar, disaccharide which contains two simple glucose molecules of sugar. Maltose is produced by the starch hydrolysis by the amylase enzyme, for example seeds germinate "like barley" and by breaking down starch and glycogen during the digestion process.
Maltose Definition and Nature
Maltose is used in brewing, soft drinks and food. The melting point is 102 degrees up to 103 degrees celsius. Maltose has the ability to reduce Fehling's solution, due to its free aldehyde. The oxidized aldehyde group gives positive results, which means that maltose is a reducing sugar, it has a sweet taste.
Maltosa Definition
Maltose is a biomelecule that has a carbohydrate group in it which is divided into three groups which are divided into important elements; carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates are arranged by O, H, C and are defined as aldehydes of polyhydroxy ketones or polyhydroxy.
It is generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides depending on the amount of residue. Maltose is a disacride formed by the union of two glucose units "monosaccharides" both of which are classified as hexose because each consists of six carbons.
Properties of Maltose
To be able to find out more about maltose, here are some of the properties it has:
Soluble in water.
Included in the types of reducing sugars.
The sweetness is not too strong.
Maltose is one of the types of disaccharides, there are other types of disaccharides that we can know namely latosa and sucrose. The three types of disaccharides have manisa properties but the characteristics of the three are different. Maltose can be converted into sugar alcohol. For the function of sugar alcohol which is also often called maltilol is usually used as an artificial sweetener in certain food products such as syrup or candy.
Maltilol that we consume from food can be absorbed by the body but slowly and only about 50% to 60% will be absorbed while the rest will be excreted. Sucrose is also the same as maltose often used as a food sweetener. It has a sweeter taste that is stronger and very safe for consumption.
And while for lactose which has another name for milk sugar, it can be found in milk and wahey. To be digested our body needs the enzyme lactase. But the problem is that some people have lactose intolerance where the lactase enzymes in their body are few and not enough to be able to digest lactose. Often we see babies or some people who are allergic to cow's milk because of its lactose content. If forced to be consumed can eat several symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and others.
Maltose can easily be found in certain types of foods that are familiar. They are jam, extreme, chocolate, candy, bread and gum. Disaccharides including maltose can indeed help meet the needs of glucose in the body. But as mentioned above that maltose can only be absorbed by the body that is 50% to 60%, so the intake must certainly be limited.
Besides being found in processed food products, which actually is a natural food source that we digest can produce maltose in the body during the digestive process such as fruits, cereal, corn, potatoes, seeds and some types of vegetables. So in fact the need for maltose can be obtained from healthier and more natural food sources.
Thus the discussion of the Definition of Maltose and Its Properties, hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of all of you, thank you very much for your visit.
Structure and Function of Leaves in Plants
Structure and Function of Leaves in Plants
In addition to roots and stems, plant leaves also have an important role. The following description of the structure and function of leaves in plants. Leaves including plant organs. An organ is a collection of several tissues that together perform a special function.
Acutus (pointed)
Obtutus (blunt)
Acuminatus (tapered)
Rotundus (rounded)
Emarginatus (notched)
the edges of the leaves meet and attach to one another.
Perfoliatus
Composition of leaf bones (nervation or vernation)
The bones of the leaves (nerves) according to their size can be divided into 3 types, namely:
Costa (mother leaf bone)
Lateral nerve (branch bones)
Veins (veins of leaves)
Based on the arrangement of leaf bones (nervation) (the direction of the large branch bones) can be divided into 4 groups, namely:
Penninervis (reinforced pinned)
Palminervis (boned fingers)
Cervinervis (curved bone)
Rectinervis (parallel to bone)
Leaf edge (margo)
Broadly speaking, the edge of the leaf can be divided into 2 types, namely:
Integer (even)
Diviscus (incised)
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Dynamic Fluid Material: Bernoulli's Law Formula, Definition, Types, Characteristics and Examples of Questions
Function of Leaves in Plants
The leaves have an important role for the survival of plants. I wonder what the function of leaves for plants? In general, the function of leaves in plants is to:
Making food through photosynthesis.
As a place for water expenditure through transpiration and mutation.
Absorb CO2 from the air.
Respiration.
Structure of Leaves Forming in Plants
In studying the structure and function of the leaves, of course, it cannot be separated from the tissues that make up the organ of the leaf. The following will be explained briefly about the structure of leaves and their functions along with the leaf constituent network image. In general, the composition of leaf tissue consists of epidermis, mesophyll (basic tissue), transport bundles, and additional tissue.
1) Epidermis
The epidermis is in the form of a single layer of cells whose walls are thickened from a wart (cuticle) or sometimes from lignin. In the epidermis there is a stomata (leaf mouth) flanked by two closing cells. Stomata are located on the upper surface only, for example in plants whose leaves are floating (on a lotus leaf), there are only on the lower surface, and some are on both leaf surfaces (top and bottom).
The Ficus plant has an epidermis composed of two layers of cells. Additional tools found among leaf epidemics include trichomes (hair) and fan cells. You can observe the shape of the epidermis and stomata in the following figure.
2) Mesophiles (basic tissue)
Mesophiles are composed of parenchymal cells that are tenuous and have a lot of space between cells. In most dicotyledonous plant leaves, mesophyll is differentiated into palisade parenchyma (pole tissue) and spongy parenchyma (spongy tissue).
Palisade cells are elongated, contain lots of chloroplasts, and are tightly arranged. Spongy parenchyma is irregular in shape, branched, contains less chloroplasts, and is tenuous.
3) Carrier File
Transport beam contained in the leaf bone that functions as a means of transport and as a leaf reinforcement.
4) Additional Networks
Additional tissue includes special cells that are commonly found in leaf mesophils, such as crystal cells and glands.
Dikotil Plant Leaves Network Composition Network
The structure and function of the leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants are different. The shape of the dicotyledonous leaves of the plant varies, the leaf stem, and the leaf veins pinnate or pinch. Consider the following anatomic tissue composition of dicotyledonous leaves.
Epidermis
located on the top and bottom surface layers of leaves. The function of leaf epidermal tissue is to protect the inner layer of cells from drying out and maintain the shape of the leaves to remain. Its characteristics consist of one layer of cells except the Ficus plant (rubber plant).
Cuticle
located on the upper and lower surface of the leaf. The function of the leaf cuticle is to prevent water evaporation through the leaf surface. This feature of tissue is composed of a warty substance.
Stomata
located on the surface of the upper and lower leaves. The function of the stomata is as a way in and out of air. Whereas the stomata guard cell functions as a regulator of opening and closing the stomata. Characteristics of the leaf mouth in the epidermis with two closing cells.
Hair and glands
located on the upper and lower surface of the leaf. Its function is to place an expenditure. This tissue is an additional tool in the epidermis.
Mesophyll
located between the upper and lower epidermal layers. The function of the leaf mesophyll is for the site of photosynthesis. Mesophyll leaves consist of parenchyma cells, many spaces between cells. Most differentiate into palisade tissue (pole tissue) and sponges (spongy tissue). Pole network cells are cylindrical, tightly arranged, and contain chlorophyll. Spongy tissue cells are irregular in shape, branched and contain chloroplasts, the structure is tenuous.
Veins
lies in the leaf blade. Its function is to transport substances. Characteristics in the form of pinning or fingering.
Structure of Monocotyledon Leaves
Monocotyledonous plant leaves are shaped like a ribbon and on the base there are sheets that wrap the stem, and veins are parallel. The structure and function of the leaves of monocotyledonous plants can be explained as follows.
Epidermis and cuticles
located in the upper and lower surface layers of the leaf. The function of this tissue is to protect the inner layer of cells from drying out and prevent water evaporation through the leaf surface. The characteristics of this tissue are composed of one cell with thickening of the warts.
Stomata
located in a row between the veins. The function of this stomata is as a way in and out of air. Stomata are leaf mouths with two closing cells.
Mesophyll
located in the basin between the veins. This tissue is a place for foodstuffs to make through photosynthesis The characteristics of mesophyll in monocotyledon are not differentiated, the shape is uniform except that the mesophyll of the transporting beam is larger, the chloroplasts are less, and the walls are thicker.
Veins
located on a leaf blade. Its function is as transportation of substances. Leaf veins or leaf bone monocotyledonous plants are parallel.
In addition to roots and stems, plant leaves also have an important role. The following description of the structure and function of leaves in plants. Leaves including plant organs. An organ is a collection of several tissues that together perform a special function.
Acutus (pointed)
Obtutus (blunt)
Acuminatus (tapered)
Rotundus (rounded)
Emarginatus (notched)
the edges of the leaves meet and attach to one another.
Perfoliatus
Composition of leaf bones (nervation or vernation)
The bones of the leaves (nerves) according to their size can be divided into 3 types, namely:
Costa (mother leaf bone)
Lateral nerve (branch bones)
Veins (veins of leaves)
Based on the arrangement of leaf bones (nervation) (the direction of the large branch bones) can be divided into 4 groups, namely:
Penninervis (reinforced pinned)
Palminervis (boned fingers)
Cervinervis (curved bone)
Rectinervis (parallel to bone)
Leaf edge (margo)
Broadly speaking, the edge of the leaf can be divided into 2 types, namely:
Integer (even)
Diviscus (incised)
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Dynamic Fluid Material: Bernoulli's Law Formula, Definition, Types, Characteristics and Examples of Questions
Function of Leaves in Plants
The leaves have an important role for the survival of plants. I wonder what the function of leaves for plants? In general, the function of leaves in plants is to:
Making food through photosynthesis.
As a place for water expenditure through transpiration and mutation.
Absorb CO2 from the air.
Respiration.
Structure of Leaves Forming in Plants
In studying the structure and function of the leaves, of course, it cannot be separated from the tissues that make up the organ of the leaf. The following will be explained briefly about the structure of leaves and their functions along with the leaf constituent network image. In general, the composition of leaf tissue consists of epidermis, mesophyll (basic tissue), transport bundles, and additional tissue.
1) Epidermis
The epidermis is in the form of a single layer of cells whose walls are thickened from a wart (cuticle) or sometimes from lignin. In the epidermis there is a stomata (leaf mouth) flanked by two closing cells. Stomata are located on the upper surface only, for example in plants whose leaves are floating (on a lotus leaf), there are only on the lower surface, and some are on both leaf surfaces (top and bottom).
The Ficus plant has an epidermis composed of two layers of cells. Additional tools found among leaf epidemics include trichomes (hair) and fan cells. You can observe the shape of the epidermis and stomata in the following figure.
2) Mesophiles (basic tissue)
Mesophiles are composed of parenchymal cells that are tenuous and have a lot of space between cells. In most dicotyledonous plant leaves, mesophyll is differentiated into palisade parenchyma (pole tissue) and spongy parenchyma (spongy tissue).
Palisade cells are elongated, contain lots of chloroplasts, and are tightly arranged. Spongy parenchyma is irregular in shape, branched, contains less chloroplasts, and is tenuous.
3) Carrier File
Transport beam contained in the leaf bone that functions as a means of transport and as a leaf reinforcement.
4) Additional Networks
Additional tissue includes special cells that are commonly found in leaf mesophils, such as crystal cells and glands.
Dikotil Plant Leaves Network Composition Network
The structure and function of the leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants are different. The shape of the dicotyledonous leaves of the plant varies, the leaf stem, and the leaf veins pinnate or pinch. Consider the following anatomic tissue composition of dicotyledonous leaves.
Epidermis
located on the top and bottom surface layers of leaves. The function of leaf epidermal tissue is to protect the inner layer of cells from drying out and maintain the shape of the leaves to remain. Its characteristics consist of one layer of cells except the Ficus plant (rubber plant).
Cuticle
located on the upper and lower surface of the leaf. The function of the leaf cuticle is to prevent water evaporation through the leaf surface. This feature of tissue is composed of a warty substance.
Stomata
located on the surface of the upper and lower leaves. The function of the stomata is as a way in and out of air. Whereas the stomata guard cell functions as a regulator of opening and closing the stomata. Characteristics of the leaf mouth in the epidermis with two closing cells.
Hair and glands
located on the upper and lower surface of the leaf. Its function is to place an expenditure. This tissue is an additional tool in the epidermis.
Mesophyll
located between the upper and lower epidermal layers. The function of the leaf mesophyll is for the site of photosynthesis. Mesophyll leaves consist of parenchyma cells, many spaces between cells. Most differentiate into palisade tissue (pole tissue) and sponges (spongy tissue). Pole network cells are cylindrical, tightly arranged, and contain chlorophyll. Spongy tissue cells are irregular in shape, branched and contain chloroplasts, the structure is tenuous.
Veins
lies in the leaf blade. Its function is to transport substances. Characteristics in the form of pinning or fingering.
Structure of Monocotyledon Leaves
Monocotyledonous plant leaves are shaped like a ribbon and on the base there are sheets that wrap the stem, and veins are parallel. The structure and function of the leaves of monocotyledonous plants can be explained as follows.
Epidermis and cuticles
located in the upper and lower surface layers of the leaf. The function of this tissue is to protect the inner layer of cells from drying out and prevent water evaporation through the leaf surface. The characteristics of this tissue are composed of one cell with thickening of the warts.
Stomata
located in a row between the veins. The function of this stomata is as a way in and out of air. Stomata are leaf mouths with two closing cells.
Mesophyll
located in the basin between the veins. This tissue is a place for foodstuffs to make through photosynthesis The characteristics of mesophyll in monocotyledon are not differentiated, the shape is uniform except that the mesophyll of the transporting beam is larger, the chloroplasts are less, and the walls are thicker.
Veins
located on a leaf blade. Its function is as transportation of substances. Leaf veins or leaf bone monocotyledonous plants are parallel.
Roof Membrane (ocrea or ochrea)
Roof Membrane (ocrea or ochrea)
this tool is in the form of a thin membrane that surrounds the base of a stem segment. so there is above a leaf stalk. The roof membrane is considered as a supporting leaf whose two sides are sticking together and encircling the stem, there are among others in polygonum sp.
Tongues (ligula)
a small membrane that is usually found at the boundary between upih and leaf blades on the grass (graminae). This tool is useful to prevent the flow of rainwater into the armpit between the stem and leaf leaves, so that the possibility of decay can be avoided.
Leaf top or leaf midrib
As explained above, not all plants have leafy leaves. Leafy leaves are generally only found in plants classified as monocotyledoneae only. grass tribe (gramineae), tribe empon-empon (zingiberaceae), banana (musa sapientum L.) palma group (palmea), etc.
Leaf upih aside from being part of a leaf attached to or embracing the stem, it can also have other functions:
As a protective bud that is still young, as can be seen in sugar cane plants (saccharum officinarum L.)
Giving strength to the stem of the plant. In this case the leaves are all wrapped around the stem, so that the stem is not visible, even what appears as the stem from the outside is the upih earlier. This of course is possible if the leaf upih is very large as for example banana (musa paradisiacal L.) The trunk that appears on a banana tree is actually not the trunk of a real plant from it is called pseudo stem.
Petioles
The petiole is the part of the leaf that supports the strands and is tasked to place the leaf strands in such a position that they can get as much sunlight as possible. The shape and size of the petiole varies greatly according to the type of plant, the size and shape can be different. Generally the cylindrical petiole with the top of it is slightly flattened and thickened at the base. If we look at the cross section we can find the following possibilities:
Round and hollow, for example papaya leaf stalks (carica papaya L.)
Flat and wide edges (winged), for example oranges (citrus sp.)
In terms of
Half circle and often the upper side is shallow or deep grooved as in a banana leaf stalk.
Although the leaf stalks as mentioned above are usually thickened at the base, there are also leaf stems thickened at the base there are also leaf stems thickened at the base and ends, for example on the leaves of a butterfly tree (bauhinia purpurea L.)
Furthermore, when viewed from the surface, leaf stems can show wrinkles, scales, hairs, lenticels, etc. In the description of the composition of the leaf he has also stated, that the leaf stalk can undergo a change of form (metamorphosis) into various leaf strands called phylodia.
Leaf blade
So many plants and varieties that have leaves whose strands vary too, both regarding the shape, size, and color. The properties of the leaf blade that need attention are:
Wake up leaves (circumscription)
The widest part is more or less in the middle of a leaf blade.
Possible wake leaves are:
Orbicularis (Round)
Peltatus (Shield)
Ovalis or elliptic (jorong)
Oblongus (elongated round)
Lanceolatus (lanceolate)
The widest part is more or less below the center of the leaf blade:
a) The base of the leaves is not etched.
Ovatus (ovate)
Triangularis (square terms)
Deltoideus (deltas)
Rhomboideus (rhombus)
b) Leaf base with incised or notched leaves.
Cordataus (heart)
Reniformis (kidney)
Sagittatus (arrow)
Hastatus (spear)
Auricular (eared)
Parts that are more or less above the middle of the leaf blade.
From this group the possible shape of the leaves:
bovatus (best ovate)
Obcordatus (wake up heart reversed)
Cuneatus (inverted triangle)
Sathulatus (wake spatula or spatula)
There is no widest part. Can be said from end to
until the base width is the same, from this part the possible shape of the daunya:
line (line build)
ligulatus (building tape)
ensiformis (sword building)
subulatus (wake nails or dabus)
Acerosus (wake of the needle)
Leaf tips (apex)
Acutus (pointed)
Obtutus (blunt)
Truncatus (romping)
Mucronatus (prickly)
Acuminatus (tapered)
Rotundus (rounded)
Retusus (split)
Leaf base (base)
The edges of the leaves never meet because they are separated by the base of the mother's bone or the tips of the petioles, at the base like this the shape is the same as the tips of the leaves.
this tool is in the form of a thin membrane that surrounds the base of a stem segment. so there is above a leaf stalk. The roof membrane is considered as a supporting leaf whose two sides are sticking together and encircling the stem, there are among others in polygonum sp.
Tongues (ligula)
a small membrane that is usually found at the boundary between upih and leaf blades on the grass (graminae). This tool is useful to prevent the flow of rainwater into the armpit between the stem and leaf leaves, so that the possibility of decay can be avoided.
Leaf top or leaf midrib
As explained above, not all plants have leafy leaves. Leafy leaves are generally only found in plants classified as monocotyledoneae only. grass tribe (gramineae), tribe empon-empon (zingiberaceae), banana (musa sapientum L.) palma group (palmea), etc.
Leaf upih aside from being part of a leaf attached to or embracing the stem, it can also have other functions:
As a protective bud that is still young, as can be seen in sugar cane plants (saccharum officinarum L.)
Giving strength to the stem of the plant. In this case the leaves are all wrapped around the stem, so that the stem is not visible, even what appears as the stem from the outside is the upih earlier. This of course is possible if the leaf upih is very large as for example banana (musa paradisiacal L.) The trunk that appears on a banana tree is actually not the trunk of a real plant from it is called pseudo stem.
Petioles
The petiole is the part of the leaf that supports the strands and is tasked to place the leaf strands in such a position that they can get as much sunlight as possible. The shape and size of the petiole varies greatly according to the type of plant, the size and shape can be different. Generally the cylindrical petiole with the top of it is slightly flattened and thickened at the base. If we look at the cross section we can find the following possibilities:
Round and hollow, for example papaya leaf stalks (carica papaya L.)
Flat and wide edges (winged), for example oranges (citrus sp.)
In terms of
Half circle and often the upper side is shallow or deep grooved as in a banana leaf stalk.
Although the leaf stalks as mentioned above are usually thickened at the base, there are also leaf stems thickened at the base there are also leaf stems thickened at the base and ends, for example on the leaves of a butterfly tree (bauhinia purpurea L.)
Furthermore, when viewed from the surface, leaf stems can show wrinkles, scales, hairs, lenticels, etc. In the description of the composition of the leaf he has also stated, that the leaf stalk can undergo a change of form (metamorphosis) into various leaf strands called phylodia.
Leaf blade
So many plants and varieties that have leaves whose strands vary too, both regarding the shape, size, and color. The properties of the leaf blade that need attention are:
Wake up leaves (circumscription)
The widest part is more or less in the middle of a leaf blade.
Possible wake leaves are:
Orbicularis (Round)
Peltatus (Shield)
Ovalis or elliptic (jorong)
Oblongus (elongated round)
Lanceolatus (lanceolate)
The widest part is more or less below the center of the leaf blade:
a) The base of the leaves is not etched.
Ovatus (ovate)
Triangularis (square terms)
Deltoideus (deltas)
Rhomboideus (rhombus)
b) Leaf base with incised or notched leaves.
Cordataus (heart)
Reniformis (kidney)
Sagittatus (arrow)
Hastatus (spear)
Auricular (eared)
Parts that are more or less above the middle of the leaf blade.
From this group the possible shape of the leaves:
bovatus (best ovate)
Obcordatus (wake up heart reversed)
Cuneatus (inverted triangle)
Sathulatus (wake spatula or spatula)
There is no widest part. Can be said from end to
until the base width is the same, from this part the possible shape of the daunya:
line (line build)
ligulatus (building tape)
ensiformis (sword building)
subulatus (wake nails or dabus)
Acerosus (wake of the needle)
Leaf tips (apex)
Acutus (pointed)
Obtutus (blunt)
Truncatus (romping)
Mucronatus (prickly)
Acuminatus (tapered)
Rotundus (rounded)
Retusus (split)
Leaf base (base)
The edges of the leaves never meet because they are separated by the base of the mother's bone or the tips of the petioles, at the base like this the shape is the same as the tips of the leaves.
Understanding Plant Leaves from Parts and Structures
Understanding Plant Leaves from Parts and Structures
Leaves - Definition, Parts, Stems, Strands, Structure, Upih, Functions, Example: Leaves are one part of a plant, without its leaves can be practically not a plant. On this occasion here will be a complete lecture about the leaves. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Leaves Understanding Leaves
The leaf is one of the main organs of plants located on the stem, usually thin and widened rich in chlorophyll, therefore the leaves are usually green. In accordance with the shape of the thin leaf width, the green color and sitting on the stem facing up is in harmony with the function of the leaves for plants, namely:
Taking food substances (resorbsi)
Processing food (assimilation)
Water evaporation (transpiration)
Interpretation (respiration)
Leaf Parts
The complete leaf consists of leaf parts such as the midrib (vagina), stem (petiolus), and leaf blade (lamina). While leaves that do not have one or two of the three parts of the leaf are called incomplete leaves. Complete leaves can be found in several types of plants, for example: banana tree (Musa paradisiacal L), areca palm tree (Araca catechuL), bamboo (Bambusa sp), and others.
Incomplete Leaves Arrangement There are Several Possibilities:
It consists only of stems and strands
commonly called stemmed leaves, this is the most commonly found leaf structure. Most of the plants have such leaves, for example: jackfruit (artocarpus integra merr.) mango (mangifera indica L.) etc.
The leaves consist of upih and strands
such leaves are called leafy leaves or leafy leaves as is commonly found in plants belonging to tribes of grass, for example: rice (oryza sativa L.) corn (Zea mays L.) etc.
The leaves only consist of strands
without upih and stalks, so that the strands are directly attached to or sitting on the stem. Such an arrangement is called a sitting leaf (sessilis), as we can see in the bitch (colotropis gigantean R.Br.).
leaves that only consist of leaf blades can have such a wide base. so that the base of the leaf as if encircling the stem or hugging the stem. therefore also called: leaf hugging the stem (amplexi caulis) like the base of the leaves in tempuyung (sonchus oleraceus L ). the side of the base of the leaf that embraces the stem often wake up rounded and is called leaf ear.
The leaves only consist of stems
and in this case the stalk is usually then flat so that it resembles a leaf blade, so it is a pseudo or fake leaf blade, called: filodia, as found in various types of acacia trees originating from Australia, for example: acacia auricuculifor eg A.cunn.
Additional Or Complementary Tools For Leaves
In addition to the above sections and the possibility of whether or not the parts mentioned above, the leaves in a plant often have additional equipment or complementary include:
And the supporting (stipula)
which is usually in the form of two small leaf-like sheets that are located close to the base of the petiole and are generally useful for protecting young buds. There are times when large and wide leaf support is like a regular leaf and also useful as a tool for assimilation as found in peas. (pisum sativum L). Lean leaves are very easy to fall, such as jackfruit tree (artocarpus integra Merr.), but there are also those that stay long and fall with their leaves. For example on roses (rosa sp). can be distinguished in:
Free leaf support is found on the left of the base of the leaf stalk, called: free leaf support (stipulae liberae) found for example in peanuts (arachis hypogaea L).
Leveraging leaves attached to the left and right base of the petiole (stipulae adnatae) to the rose (rosa sp)
Leveraging leaves are attached together and take place in the armpit of the leaf (stipula axillaris or stipula intrapetioloris).
Leveraging leaves are attached and take place opposite the stem and are usually rather wide to encircle the stem (stipula petiolo opposite or stipula antidroma).
Leveraging leaves that adhere and take place between two leaf stalks as is often the case in plants which in one stem book have two leaves sitting facing each other, for example on the noni tree (morinda citrifolia L). Leaning leaf is thus called: interleave leaf stalk (stipula interpetiolaris).
Leaves - Definition, Parts, Stems, Strands, Structure, Upih, Functions, Example: Leaves are one part of a plant, without its leaves can be practically not a plant. On this occasion here will be a complete lecture about the leaves. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Leaves Understanding Leaves
The leaf is one of the main organs of plants located on the stem, usually thin and widened rich in chlorophyll, therefore the leaves are usually green. In accordance with the shape of the thin leaf width, the green color and sitting on the stem facing up is in harmony with the function of the leaves for plants, namely:
Taking food substances (resorbsi)
Processing food (assimilation)
Water evaporation (transpiration)
Interpretation (respiration)
Leaf Parts
The complete leaf consists of leaf parts such as the midrib (vagina), stem (petiolus), and leaf blade (lamina). While leaves that do not have one or two of the three parts of the leaf are called incomplete leaves. Complete leaves can be found in several types of plants, for example: banana tree (Musa paradisiacal L), areca palm tree (Araca catechuL), bamboo (Bambusa sp), and others.
Incomplete Leaves Arrangement There are Several Possibilities:
It consists only of stems and strands
commonly called stemmed leaves, this is the most commonly found leaf structure. Most of the plants have such leaves, for example: jackfruit (artocarpus integra merr.) mango (mangifera indica L.) etc.
The leaves consist of upih and strands
such leaves are called leafy leaves or leafy leaves as is commonly found in plants belonging to tribes of grass, for example: rice (oryza sativa L.) corn (Zea mays L.) etc.
The leaves only consist of strands
without upih and stalks, so that the strands are directly attached to or sitting on the stem. Such an arrangement is called a sitting leaf (sessilis), as we can see in the bitch (colotropis gigantean R.Br.).
leaves that only consist of leaf blades can have such a wide base. so that the base of the leaf as if encircling the stem or hugging the stem. therefore also called: leaf hugging the stem (amplexi caulis) like the base of the leaves in tempuyung (sonchus oleraceus L ). the side of the base of the leaf that embraces the stem often wake up rounded and is called leaf ear.
The leaves only consist of stems
and in this case the stalk is usually then flat so that it resembles a leaf blade, so it is a pseudo or fake leaf blade, called: filodia, as found in various types of acacia trees originating from Australia, for example: acacia auricuculifor eg A.cunn.
Additional Or Complementary Tools For Leaves
In addition to the above sections and the possibility of whether or not the parts mentioned above, the leaves in a plant often have additional equipment or complementary include:
And the supporting (stipula)
which is usually in the form of two small leaf-like sheets that are located close to the base of the petiole and are generally useful for protecting young buds. There are times when large and wide leaf support is like a regular leaf and also useful as a tool for assimilation as found in peas. (pisum sativum L). Lean leaves are very easy to fall, such as jackfruit tree (artocarpus integra Merr.), but there are also those that stay long and fall with their leaves. For example on roses (rosa sp). can be distinguished in:
Free leaf support is found on the left of the base of the leaf stalk, called: free leaf support (stipulae liberae) found for example in peanuts (arachis hypogaea L).
Leveraging leaves attached to the left and right base of the petiole (stipulae adnatae) to the rose (rosa sp)
Leveraging leaves are attached together and take place in the armpit of the leaf (stipula axillaris or stipula intrapetioloris).
Leveraging leaves are attached and take place opposite the stem and are usually rather wide to encircle the stem (stipula petiolo opposite or stipula antidroma).
Leveraging leaves that adhere and take place between two leaf stalks as is often the case in plants which in one stem book have two leaves sitting facing each other, for example on the noni tree (morinda citrifolia L). Leaning leaf is thus called: interleave leaf stalk (stipula interpetiolaris).
Characteristics of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Characteristics of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Consisting of cells that are large and thin-walled
Has a hexagon cell shape
The location of the cell nucleus near the cell base
Has many vacuoles
Can be embryonal and meristematic
Has intercellular space
Function of Parenchyma Networks (Basic)
As a storage place for food reserves
Where photosynthesis takes place
As a supporting network
Various Types of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Parenchyma networks (basic) are grouped into two types, as follows:
Parenchyma Network Based on Function
Assimilation parenchyma (chlorenchyma): contains chlorophyll and functions for photosynthesis.
Water parenchyma: tissue contained in xerophyte or epiphytic plants as a hoarder / store of water to get through the dry season.
Hoarding parenchyma: A network that functions as a storage area for food reserves. This tissue is commonly found in roots, fruits, tubers, and stems. These foods can be in the form of solids, flour, fat, protein, sugar.
Air parenchyma (Aerenchymes): tissue that has intercellular space that functions in floating plants in water, this can be found on the leaf stalks of Canna sp.
Carrier parenchyma: The network that functions as a transport vessel both food and water.
Various Types of Parenchyma Networks Based on Their Form
Palisade parenchyma: the constituent of mesophyll in leaves. This tissue is found in seeds in the form of long, upright cells, which contain a lot of chloroplasts.
Spongy parenchyma: a constituent tissue of leaf size mesophyll and there is wide intercellular space.
Star parenchyma: tissue that can be found on Canna Sp. with a star-like shape that continues at the edges.
Parenchyma fold: tissue that can be found in mesiophils of pine leaves and rice. An inward fold occurs in the cell wall and contains a lot of chloroplasts.
3. Plant Supporting (Mechanical) Networks
Support network / reinforcement is a network that gives strength to plants so they can stand upright. Network supporting (reinforcing) plants are divided based on the nature and shape, among others, as follows.
a. Kolenkim Network
Kolenkim tissue is a network of support or reinforcement in young plant organs and herbaceous plants. Kolenkim is a living cell that is similar to parenchyma. There are cells that contain chloroplasts and play a role in the photosynthetic process.
Kolenkim is composed of living cells with active protoplasm and has an elongated shape with uneven thickening. Supporting networks function in strengthening plants. The cells are strong, thick and have specialized. This tissue also functions as a protective vescular dam seed.
Characteristics of the Kolenkim Network
Has a thick and strong structure
Can experience specialization
Available on stems, leaves and seeds
The cell is thickening at an angle
Thickening of cellulose
In general, groups form strands or cylinders
Function of the Kolenkim Network
Support and strengthen the shape of plants
Protect carrier files
Strengthen the parenchyma network
4. Sklerenkim Network
The sclerenkim network is a self-reinforcing network of dead cells. Sklerenkim has a strong cell wall, thick and contains lignin. Sklerenkim is divided into two types based on their shape, namely, fibers and sclereid (stone cells).
Fibers or fibers derived from meristem tissue consisting of long cells and clustered to form a webbing or ribbon. For example, banana leaf midrib. Whereas in sclereid (stone cells) is a network of sclerenkim whose cells are rounded with thickening cell walls. For example in the coconut shell or rice seed skin.
Characteristics of the Sklerenkim Network
Thickening in all parts of the cell wall
Thickening in the form of lignin
Dead cells
Generally found in plant organs that no longer experience growth and development
Located in the perisicle, cortex and between the xylem and phloem
Sklerenkim Network Function
As a tool to withstand external pressure
Protect and strengthen the inside of cells
As a supporting tool
5. Carrier Network
Carrier network is a network in charge of transporting substances. This network is divided into two as follows.
a. Xylem
Xylem is a food substance carrier by channeling water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other body parts. Xylem consists of two kinds, among others, as follows ...
Tracheal element, consisting of trachea (tubular cells) and tracheids (long cells with holes in the cell walls)
Xylem fibers, consisting of long cells with tapered ends
Xylem parenchyma, contains substances such as food reserves, tannins and crystals
b. Floem
Phloem is a food carrier from photosynthesis from the leaves throughout the body. Phloem is composed among others as follows ...
Filter hairs, tubular with perforated ends
Companion cells, cylindrical with close plasma
Phloem fibers, long-shaped with a narrow tip and thick walls
Phloem parenchyma, the cell is living, has a primary wall with a small hole called a dot. Phloem parenchyma contains flour, resin or crystals.
6. Cork Network
Cork network is a network composed of cork cells that are elongated in shape. The cork network functions to protect other tissues that are underneath so that it is not too slight, not too much water loss. Cork cells can be found on the outer surface of the stem.
Cork Network Characteristics
Composed of cork parenchyma cells
Is a dead and empty cell
Elongated and cork walled
Various Kinds of Cork Networks
Cork network consists of two types, among others as follows ..
Felme: cork tissue formed by cork cambium outside directed and dead cells
Feloderm: cork tissue formed by cork cambium inwards and living cells resemble parenchyma.
That's the Review Hopefully what is reviewed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
Consisting of cells that are large and thin-walled
Has a hexagon cell shape
The location of the cell nucleus near the cell base
Has many vacuoles
Can be embryonal and meristematic
Has intercellular space
Function of Parenchyma Networks (Basic)
As a storage place for food reserves
Where photosynthesis takes place
As a supporting network
Various Types of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Parenchyma networks (basic) are grouped into two types, as follows:
Parenchyma Network Based on Function
Assimilation parenchyma (chlorenchyma): contains chlorophyll and functions for photosynthesis.
Water parenchyma: tissue contained in xerophyte or epiphytic plants as a hoarder / store of water to get through the dry season.
Hoarding parenchyma: A network that functions as a storage area for food reserves. This tissue is commonly found in roots, fruits, tubers, and stems. These foods can be in the form of solids, flour, fat, protein, sugar.
Air parenchyma (Aerenchymes): tissue that has intercellular space that functions in floating plants in water, this can be found on the leaf stalks of Canna sp.
Carrier parenchyma: The network that functions as a transport vessel both food and water.
Various Types of Parenchyma Networks Based on Their Form
Palisade parenchyma: the constituent of mesophyll in leaves. This tissue is found in seeds in the form of long, upright cells, which contain a lot of chloroplasts.
Spongy parenchyma: a constituent tissue of leaf size mesophyll and there is wide intercellular space.
Star parenchyma: tissue that can be found on Canna Sp. with a star-like shape that continues at the edges.
Parenchyma fold: tissue that can be found in mesiophils of pine leaves and rice. An inward fold occurs in the cell wall and contains a lot of chloroplasts.
3. Plant Supporting (Mechanical) Networks
Support network / reinforcement is a network that gives strength to plants so they can stand upright. Network supporting (reinforcing) plants are divided based on the nature and shape, among others, as follows.
a. Kolenkim Network
Kolenkim tissue is a network of support or reinforcement in young plant organs and herbaceous plants. Kolenkim is a living cell that is similar to parenchyma. There are cells that contain chloroplasts and play a role in the photosynthetic process.
Kolenkim is composed of living cells with active protoplasm and has an elongated shape with uneven thickening. Supporting networks function in strengthening plants. The cells are strong, thick and have specialized. This tissue also functions as a protective vescular dam seed.
Characteristics of the Kolenkim Network
Has a thick and strong structure
Can experience specialization
Available on stems, leaves and seeds
The cell is thickening at an angle
Thickening of cellulose
In general, groups form strands or cylinders
Function of the Kolenkim Network
Support and strengthen the shape of plants
Protect carrier files
Strengthen the parenchyma network
4. Sklerenkim Network
The sclerenkim network is a self-reinforcing network of dead cells. Sklerenkim has a strong cell wall, thick and contains lignin. Sklerenkim is divided into two types based on their shape, namely, fibers and sclereid (stone cells).
Fibers or fibers derived from meristem tissue consisting of long cells and clustered to form a webbing or ribbon. For example, banana leaf midrib. Whereas in sclereid (stone cells) is a network of sclerenkim whose cells are rounded with thickening cell walls. For example in the coconut shell or rice seed skin.
Characteristics of the Sklerenkim Network
Thickening in all parts of the cell wall
Thickening in the form of lignin
Dead cells
Generally found in plant organs that no longer experience growth and development
Located in the perisicle, cortex and between the xylem and phloem
Sklerenkim Network Function
As a tool to withstand external pressure
Protect and strengthen the inside of cells
As a supporting tool
5. Carrier Network
Carrier network is a network in charge of transporting substances. This network is divided into two as follows.
a. Xylem
Xylem is a food substance carrier by channeling water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other body parts. Xylem consists of two kinds, among others, as follows ...
Tracheal element, consisting of trachea (tubular cells) and tracheids (long cells with holes in the cell walls)
Xylem fibers, consisting of long cells with tapered ends
Xylem parenchyma, contains substances such as food reserves, tannins and crystals
b. Floem
Phloem is a food carrier from photosynthesis from the leaves throughout the body. Phloem is composed among others as follows ...
Filter hairs, tubular with perforated ends
Companion cells, cylindrical with close plasma
Phloem fibers, long-shaped with a narrow tip and thick walls
Phloem parenchyma, the cell is living, has a primary wall with a small hole called a dot. Phloem parenchyma contains flour, resin or crystals.
6. Cork Network
Cork network is a network composed of cork cells that are elongated in shape. The cork network functions to protect other tissues that are underneath so that it is not too slight, not too much water loss. Cork cells can be found on the outer surface of the stem.
Cork Network Characteristics
Composed of cork parenchyma cells
Is a dead and empty cell
Elongated and cork walled
Various Kinds of Cork Networks
Cork network consists of two types, among others as follows ..
Felme: cork tissue formed by cork cambium outside directed and dead cells
Feloderm: cork tissue formed by cork cambium inwards and living cells resemble parenchyma.
That's the Review Hopefully what is reviewed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.
Plant Tissue Material
Plant Tissue Material
Plants are composed of cells which will then form a network. Network is a group of cells that have the same structure and function and are bound by inter-cell material to form a single unit. Early formation of plants begins from the meristem tissue. the meristem network will be specialized into different groups called simple networks.
This simple network consists of cells that have the same structure as parenchyma, kolenkim and sclerenkim. This meristem network will then be active in mitotic division. The ability of the tissues to bermitosis continuously causes new cells to continue to grow so that cells undergo changes in cell properties and experience differentiation.
In addition, as a result of this cell division will also form a variety of complex tissues that do not have the inability to divide again or become tissue that is not meristematic.
Understanding Plant Networks According to Experts
Plant tissue is a network composed of cells that have different titopotential abilities than animal tissue, plant tissue is a network that has the ability if these plant organisms can reproduce themselves negatively in the body's ability to grow composed of cells (Nurhayati, 2012, p.6).
The basic tissue system synthesizes organic compounds that support the plant and provide storage for these plants, some kolenkim and sclerenkim cells (Avivi, 2004, p.27).
Plant tissue is a collection of plant cells that have the same shape, origin, function and structure. Plant tissue consists of young (meristem) and adult tissue (Soerdikoesomo, 2007, p.177).
Structure and Function of Plant Networks
Plants are grouped in 6 types, including the following:
1. Plant Meristem (Embryonic) Networks
Understanding Meristem Network - Meristem tissue is a young network of a group of actively dividing plant cells. Meristem cells will produce new cells that part of the result of division will remain in the meristem, this is referred to as the initial cell or initials. While from new cells, they are replaced by meristem cells called derivatives.
Meristem Network Characteristics
Small cell size
Consists of young cells in the phase of division and growth
Thin-walled cells
Has a relatively large nucleus
Small vacuoles
Many contain cytoplasm
The cell is cube shaped
Types of Meristem Networks
Meristem networks are grouped into several types as follows;
Meristem Networks Based on Position in Plants
Apical meristem: located at the tip of the main apex and lateral shoots and root tips
Intercalar meristem: exists between adult tissues, for example in meristem base of plant segments of grass tribes
Lateral meristem: located parallel to the surface of the organ found, for example in cambium and cork cambium (phelogen).
Types of Meristem Networks Based on Their Origin
Primary meristem: when cells develop directly from embryonic cells (apical meristems)
Secondary meristem: when the cells develop and mature tissues that have undergone differentiation. For example cambium and cork cambium (phelogen).
2. Adult (Permanent) Plant tissue
Adult meristem network is a network that has undergone differentiation. This network no longer experiences division or is not active.
Characteristics of Adult (Permanent) Network
Not actively dividing
Larger than meristem network
Having a large vacuole, so it has a small cell plasma and is a membrane attached to the cell wall
Between the cells has intercellular space
Cells have experienced wall thickening according to their function
Various Types of Adult Tissues (Permanent)
Adult networks can consist of several kinds which are distinguished based on their form and function. The types of adult (permanent) tissue are as follows:
a. Epidermis Tissue (Protector)
Epidermal tissue is the outermost layer in each organ of the plant such as roots, stems, leaves, fruit, flowers, seeds). The epidermis tissue functions as a protective covering all plant organs. Epidermal tissue originates from the protoderm. After being old it can still be present or damaged, and if it is damaged then the epidermal tissue will be replaced by cork. Generally the epidermal layer consists of only a few layers, but there are also more with a variety of shapes and sizes.
Epidermal tissue characteristics
Has a tight cell arrangement without space between cells
Consisting of living cells
Cell walls vary depending on the position and type of plant
Has a live protoplasm that contains salt crystals, gum, silicate crystals, and oil.
Has a large vacuole that can contain anthocyanin
Does not chloroplast, except in the cell cover, the hydrofit, and plants under the shade
Modified by forming epidermal tissue derivatives such as stomata, vilaments, trichomata (hairs), grit cells (silica cells), spines (spines), fan cells.
The function of the epidermis tissue
Aside from being a protective function, epidermal tissue also has other functions. The various functions of the epidermis are as follows ...
Limit evaporation
Water absorption and storage
Mechanical backers
b. Parenchyma Network (Basic)
Parenkin tissue (basic) is the tissue found in all plant organs. Parenchymal tissue is formed from living cells with diverse morphological and siological structures. Can be called a basic network because it has a role as a constituent of most tissues in the roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds.
Characteristics of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Consisting of cells that are large and thin-walled
Has a hexagon cell shape
The location of the cell nucleus near the cell base
Has many vacuoles
Can be embryonal and meristematic
Has intercellular space
Plants are composed of cells which will then form a network. Network is a group of cells that have the same structure and function and are bound by inter-cell material to form a single unit. Early formation of plants begins from the meristem tissue. the meristem network will be specialized into different groups called simple networks.
This simple network consists of cells that have the same structure as parenchyma, kolenkim and sclerenkim. This meristem network will then be active in mitotic division. The ability of the tissues to bermitosis continuously causes new cells to continue to grow so that cells undergo changes in cell properties and experience differentiation.
In addition, as a result of this cell division will also form a variety of complex tissues that do not have the inability to divide again or become tissue that is not meristematic.
Understanding Plant Networks According to Experts
Plant tissue is a network composed of cells that have different titopotential abilities than animal tissue, plant tissue is a network that has the ability if these plant organisms can reproduce themselves negatively in the body's ability to grow composed of cells (Nurhayati, 2012, p.6).
The basic tissue system synthesizes organic compounds that support the plant and provide storage for these plants, some kolenkim and sclerenkim cells (Avivi, 2004, p.27).
Plant tissue is a collection of plant cells that have the same shape, origin, function and structure. Plant tissue consists of young (meristem) and adult tissue (Soerdikoesomo, 2007, p.177).
Structure and Function of Plant Networks
Plants are grouped in 6 types, including the following:
1. Plant Meristem (Embryonic) Networks
Understanding Meristem Network - Meristem tissue is a young network of a group of actively dividing plant cells. Meristem cells will produce new cells that part of the result of division will remain in the meristem, this is referred to as the initial cell or initials. While from new cells, they are replaced by meristem cells called derivatives.
Meristem Network Characteristics
Small cell size
Consists of young cells in the phase of division and growth
Thin-walled cells
Has a relatively large nucleus
Small vacuoles
Many contain cytoplasm
The cell is cube shaped
Types of Meristem Networks
Meristem networks are grouped into several types as follows;
Meristem Networks Based on Position in Plants
Apical meristem: located at the tip of the main apex and lateral shoots and root tips
Intercalar meristem: exists between adult tissues, for example in meristem base of plant segments of grass tribes
Lateral meristem: located parallel to the surface of the organ found, for example in cambium and cork cambium (phelogen).
Types of Meristem Networks Based on Their Origin
Primary meristem: when cells develop directly from embryonic cells (apical meristems)
Secondary meristem: when the cells develop and mature tissues that have undergone differentiation. For example cambium and cork cambium (phelogen).
2. Adult (Permanent) Plant tissue
Adult meristem network is a network that has undergone differentiation. This network no longer experiences division or is not active.
Characteristics of Adult (Permanent) Network
Not actively dividing
Larger than meristem network
Having a large vacuole, so it has a small cell plasma and is a membrane attached to the cell wall
Between the cells has intercellular space
Cells have experienced wall thickening according to their function
Various Types of Adult Tissues (Permanent)
Adult networks can consist of several kinds which are distinguished based on their form and function. The types of adult (permanent) tissue are as follows:
a. Epidermis Tissue (Protector)
Epidermal tissue is the outermost layer in each organ of the plant such as roots, stems, leaves, fruit, flowers, seeds). The epidermis tissue functions as a protective covering all plant organs. Epidermal tissue originates from the protoderm. After being old it can still be present or damaged, and if it is damaged then the epidermal tissue will be replaced by cork. Generally the epidermal layer consists of only a few layers, but there are also more with a variety of shapes and sizes.
Epidermal tissue characteristics
Has a tight cell arrangement without space between cells
Consisting of living cells
Cell walls vary depending on the position and type of plant
Has a live protoplasm that contains salt crystals, gum, silicate crystals, and oil.
Has a large vacuole that can contain anthocyanin
Does not chloroplast, except in the cell cover, the hydrofit, and plants under the shade
Modified by forming epidermal tissue derivatives such as stomata, vilaments, trichomata (hairs), grit cells (silica cells), spines (spines), fan cells.
The function of the epidermis tissue
Aside from being a protective function, epidermal tissue also has other functions. The various functions of the epidermis are as follows ...
Limit evaporation
Water absorption and storage
Mechanical backers
b. Parenchyma Network (Basic)
Parenkin tissue (basic) is the tissue found in all plant organs. Parenchymal tissue is formed from living cells with diverse morphological and siological structures. Can be called a basic network because it has a role as a constituent of most tissues in the roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds.
Characteristics of Parenchymal Networks (Basic)
Consisting of cells that are large and thin-walled
Has a hexagon cell shape
The location of the cell nucleus near the cell base
Has many vacuoles
Can be embryonal and meristematic
Has intercellular space
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